Genetic Characteristics of Founder Populations

Because the founder population is small, genetic drift can play an important role in determining the genetic makeup of subsequent generations, and allele frequencies may fluctuate. For example, consider an extreme situation where a new population is founded by just two individuals, a male and a female, perhaps because they are stranded on an island. Assume that the mother is heterozygous for a particular allele (Aa), while the father is homozygous (AA). If the couple has two children, there is...

The Four Types Of Mental Health Consultation

Caplan and Caplan 1993 1999 delineate four types of MHC, which are based on two major considerations whether the content focus is on a client concern or an administrative concern, and whether the primary goal is to provide information drawn from the consultant's area of expertise or to improve the problem-solving capacity of the consultee. Client-centered case consultation perhaps is the most frequent type of consultation conducted by school psychologists. For example, a teacher who is...

Crystal structures molecular modeling and rational design

INITIAL MODELING WORK a-SERIES VERSUS p-SERIES Once the binding mode of both series was established, efforts were started to use the structural information available for the design of structurally novel and diverse inhibitors that would nevertheless retain potency and selectivity. As indicated in Fig. 5, comparison of the binding mode of a- and p-amino acid compounds suggested that the two classes had some shared functionality, in particular the presence of conserved hydrogen bond...

Neurological manifestations

Secondary to anticoagulation therapy Loss of all sensory modalities below the level of the lesion, e.g. pain, temperature, light touch, position sense, and vibration. Localized vertebral pain accentuated by vertebral palpation or percussion may occur with destructive lesions (e.g. infections and tumors), and may have some value for locating the lesion. Pain that is worse when recumbent and better when sitting or standing is common with spinal malignancies - Paraplegia or Initially flaccid and...

Intersex disorders

There are three factors which determine an individual's sexual development. These are the effect of the sex chromosomes on the differentiation of the gonad, the proper functioning of the differentiated testis and the response of the end organ to this testicular function. The testes carry out their intrauterine function by producing two substances, testosterone and MIS. Testosterone stimulates the development of the Wolffian duct, which differentiates into the internal male genitalia and also to...

Sexual Functioning

Pelvic fractures have also been shown to affect genitourinary and sexual functioning in both males and females. These effects have been found to be both physiological and psychological in nature. All studies have reported that pelvic fractures create a risk for genitourinary and sexual dysfunction, and that multifactorial, genitourinary, and sexual dysfunction have been shown to have a profound impact on a person's life. In males, sexual function following pelvic fracture has been studied in...

Synaptic Transmission

At the end of the axon, the neuron must transmit the signal to another neuron or to an effector. This is done through the synapse. Most synapses involve the use of a chemical, called a neurotransmitter, to communicate the signal across a gap from one cell to another. One of the most widespread neurotransmitters is acetylcholine (ACh). This neurotransmitter is a target of many insecticides, in particular the organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. The axon ends in a synaptic knob (Figure...

Extraction Towers

These towers are basically similar to those employed in countercurrent distillation (chapter 2.1.3.3.2). In the case of extraction towers, gravitational forces are used for the phase flow. The two immiscible phases enter at opposite ends of the tower. According to their different densities, the light phase is introduced at the bottom and the heavy phase at the head of the tower to realise a vertical countercurrent flow. The introduction of the dispersed phase into the whole cross-section of the...

Anal Sphincter Tone and Reflexes Internal Anal Sphincter

The internal sphincter is primarily responsible for ensuring that the anal canal is closed at rest 14, 38 . The other contributors to anal resting tone include the external anal sphincter, the anal mucosal folds, and the puborectalis muscle. Penninckx et al. 39 estimated that anal resting tone was generated by nerve-induced activity in the internal sphincter 45 of anal resting tone , myogenic tone in the internal sphincter 10 , the external sphincter 35 , and the anal hemorrhoidal plexus 15 ....

Hybrid Discus

Hybrid, or man-made, discus are those that have been selectively bred for color, shape, or size, or any combination of the three. Discus are quite wilting to crossbreed with other types of discus and this has enabled breeders to create strains that have never been seen in the wild. The brilliant colors and large sizes that are available on the commercial market would be impossible in nature. In nature, the small, somewhat subdued fish is the one that survives. A giant brilliant turquoise fish...

Treatment

Colon polyps with invasive carcinoma are traditionally treated with surgery if unfavorable criteria are present (Table 3) (32-34). Endoscopic removal of a polyp with unfavorable characteristics is associated with 10-25 recurrence rate. Most surgeons include at least 2-5 cm resection margin. Despite potentially curative surgery and the use of modern adjuvant therapy, more than 40 of patients who present with stages II or III disease will have a disease recurrence following primary therapy (35)....

Medicinal Rutaceae

The family Rutaceae consists of 150 genera and 1500 species of treelets known to accumulate essential oils (limonene), limonoids, flavonoids (hesperidin), coumarins, and several sorts of alkaloids including, notably, carbazole and acridone alkaloids. The cardinal features to note in field collection are lemon-like aroma of crushed leaves, a blade dotted with several translucent oil glands, white flowers with retrorse petals and conspicuous globose and light green stigma, and green lemon-like...

Specific History

The onset of DLE is usually rather abrupt and frequently related to solar exposure. Because the lesions have a striking appearance, patients often recall very specifically the time of onset. Sometimes it is possible to elicit a history of transient prior episodes following intense sun exposure. DLE may cause severe disfigurement and permanent scarring it should not be approached in a cavalier fashion. Localized and disseminated forms occur. About 15 of patients with SLE show lesions...

Surgical Treatment Sphincter Repair

There are three methods of repairing the sphincter apposition, plication reefing, and overlapping sphincteroplasty 37 . Apposition has classically been associated with low success rates 91 . Scar tissue Table 1. Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence CCF-FI scorea. From 37 Table 1. Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence CCF-FI scorea. From 37 a0 perfect continence, 20 complete incontinence a0 perfect continence, 20 complete incontinence Table 2. Influence of pudendal neuropathy on...

Lateral Internal Anal Sphincterotomy

Internal sphincterotomy was introduced into surgical practice more than 50 years ago 169 , with the lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy becoming the procedure of choice after it was first reported by Notaras in 1969 170 . This represents a controlled division of the internal anal sphincter in its caudal part, usually to the dentate line. Although lateral internal sphincterotomy remains the surgical treatment of choice for chronic anal fissures unresponsive to medical therapy, with healing rates...

Proctological Procedures General Introduction

Studies often underestimate iatrogenic incontinence, as follow-up is often short and trials are powered to show difference in intervention efficacy, not effect on continence. Anal-canal pressures decrease with age, and the initial iatrogenic injury may be compounded by subsequent obstetric injury 1 . Therefore, incontinence resulting from the proctological procedure may not be unmasked for a number of years. We recently published our experience of patients with incontinence after proctological...

Suprasphincteric Dysfunction

Stool Consistency Volume and Gastrointestinal Transit The consistency of the faeces and the rate at which they are introduced into the rectum may play a role in determining incontinence. Liquid stools rapidly delivered to the rectum are able to determine urgency and incontinence even in normal subjects 6 . Many patients with idiopathic FI have chronic diarrhoea, often secondary to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In these subjects, sigmoid pressures and sigmoid motility index are usually higher...

Large Intestinal Motility

Approximately 7-10 L of ingested or secreted water enters the small intestine during a 24-hr period. Of this amount, about 600 mL reach the colon. The motility patterns of the large intestine are organized so that all but about 100 mL are absorbed. The remaining fecal material is then stored until it can be evacuated conveniently. Structure and Innervation of the Large Intestine Beginning from the ileocecal junction, the large intestine is anatomically divided into the cecum the ascending,...

Overflow Incontinence

Identification of fecal impaction with or without megarectum is of great importance, because remediation is available and highly effective 7, 19 . Disim-paction is the first step and often includes digital fracturing of the bolus. If the impaction is very hard, a 500- to 750-ml water enema with 1-2 tablespoons of mineral oil added can serve to soften the bolus to facilitate fragmentation and passage of the fecal bolus. Once the obstructive mass is removed, larger-volume warm-water enemas may be...

Rectal Evacuatory Disorder

Faecal impaction is an important risk factor for incontinence and predominantly affects older people, especially those living in institutions 41,95 , but also children 25, 41, 145 . In the elderly, approximately 50 of nursing home residents will suffer from faecal incontinence 41, 233, 234 prolonged retention of stool in the rectum, perhaps secondary to incomplete evacuation during defecation but also as a consequence of other factors, such as physical immobility, inadequate diet and water...

The Injectable Bulking Agents

In broad terms, an agent should be biocompatible, nonmigratory, nonallergic, nonimmunogenic, non-carcinogenic, easy to inject and able to produce durable results. Such an agent probably does not yet exist. Scientific studies have looked at particle size in relation to their potential for local and distant migration. It would appear that particles should be at least 80 mm in diameter to avoid phagocytosis and transport throughout the body. As with sacral nerve stimulation, there is no consistent...

Hypothesis of Pathophysiology

Various causes (including reduction of the rectal ampulla, iatrogenic internal sphincter lesions, auto-nomic nerve lesions, influence of chemoradiation) could play a role in determining this dysfunction. A sphincter-saving RR significantly reduces the rectal ampulla frequently, excision of the entire rectum is necessary, and coloanal anastomosis is performed 5, 23-27 . Even if a colonic pouch is constructed, FI may still occur 5, 23, 28 . However, the role of methods of reconstruction appears...

Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle

The smooth muscle cells in each part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract have structural and functional differences. However, certain basic properties are common to all of these cells. Smooth muscle cells make up all of the contractile tissue of the GI tract with the exception of the pharynx, the upper one-third to one-half of the esophagus, and the external anal sphincter, which are striated muscle. Smooth muscle cells are smaller than skeletal muscle cells and are long, narrow, and spindle...

Physiological Investigations

The primary aims of tests used in FI patients are to better elucidate the pathophysiology and address the treatment. This is particularly complex, not only due to the lack of comprehensive knowledge on pelvic floor morphology and physiology but also because of the wide variety of tests used, not always as standard procedures. This assessment must concern both function mostly provided by anorectal manometry (ARM), rectal sensations investigation, and anorectal electrophysiology (AREP) and...

Diagnosing External Anal Sphincter Atrophy

Establishing atrophy of the anal sphincter complex has been evaluated with endoanal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 13-17 . Studies with endoanal MRI have demonstrated that severe atrophy of the EAS corresponded with a poor clinical outcome 15 and histopathology in biopsies taken from the EAS during surgery 13 . In general, atrophy can be established by measuring EAS thickness and surface area, and the subjective evaluation of the amount of fat. Another study found no relationship between fat...

Functional Anatomy and Physiology

Fecal continence is a complex function that requires coordinated responses in the pelvic floor sphincter muscles and abdominal and anorectal muscles. Consequently, fecal incontinence occurs when the normal anatomy or physiology of the anorectal unit is disrupted. In most cases, different pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of fecal incontinence, resulting in multifactorial etiology 3 . Physiological interaction of rectal motility and sensation with the tonic activity...

Sphincteric Risk Factors Obstetric Events

With respect to acquired faecal incontinence in women, we have recently reported the results of a (necessarily) retrospective cohort analysis of 475 women referred to our Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit for investigation of their symptoms of faecal incontinence 92 . The pertinent findings of that study can be summarised as follows The median age of symptom onset was 47 years and symptom duration 26 (range 2-502) months, with symptomatology usually being combined passive and urge incontinence....

Anal Instrumentation for Anastomosis General Introduction

Anterior resection and proctectomy with ileoanal pouch formation are the two main operations performed in the pelvis that involve anastomosis performed either by inserting a staple gun transanally or by hand-sewn transanal colo- or ileoanal anastomosis. Transanal stapling devices have allowed easier performance of low anastomoses and led to a reduction in the number of abdominoperineal excisions 52 . Use of these stapling devices, however, may be associated with disturbance of continence 53 ....

Fecal Incontinence

Fecal incontinence is a challenging clinical condition particularly in elderly diabetics. It has been estimated that upto one-fifth of patients with diabetes have fecal incontinence, although prevalences depend on criteria of incontinence applied. The incidence of fecal incontinence in diabetics appears to correlate with duration of the disease (90). Incontinence is probably multifactorial and involves age-related changes, diabetic neuropathy, multimorbidity, and polymedication (91). However,...

Clinical Assessment

As with all cases of faecal incontinence, a comprehensive history including documentation of potential sphincter injury and thorough physical examination are essential. Many techniques have been employed to elucidate the pathophysiology of faecal inconti nence, but the majority of them are used primarily as research tools. The objective of clinical assessment is to characterise the type and severity of faecal incontinence, including awareness of the desire to defecate prior to incontinence, and...

Etiology of Fecal Incontinence

Fecal incontinence occurs when one or more mechanisms that maintain continence are disrupted to an extent that another mechanism(s) is unable to compensate. Thus the cause of fecal incontinence if often multifactorial 13-17 . In a prospective study, 80 of patients had more than one pathogenic abnormality 17 . Following is a list of important information that should be elicited when taking a history in a patient with suspected fecal incontinence - Onset and precipitating event(s) - Duration,...

Mechanisms of Faecal Incontinence in Diabetes

As discussed elsewhere in this volume, defecation involves close integration of the peripheral autonomic and enteric nerves. Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that ischaemic or toxic damage to these nerves caused by diabetes can lead to disorders of defecation that will vary according to the site and type of nerve(s) that are affected. As mentioned, it is important to not attribute the disturbances in defecation that occur in patients with diabetes as necessarily complications of diabetes...

Invited Commentary

Anal endosonography has revolutionized the treatment of fecal incontinence. In the early 1990s, research appeared that documented the normal anal sphincter complex and its components 1-3 . Mapping out the normal appearance of the internal and external sphincters allowed actual visualization of defects in the anal sphincter. Prior to this, patients with fecal incontinence (mostly women) were evaluated with physical exam, anal physiology, and needle electromyelogram (EMG) 4-6 . This limited...

Techniques for Bulking Agent Injection

There is no general agreement as to the ideal method of injection around the anal canal. Two major questions need to be answered. The first is the sites at which the bulking agents should be placed. There are two different groups into which these patients fall. One is the group with a defect in the internal anal sphincter, and the other is the group with a weak but intact internal anal sphincter. With the first group, it is not known whether the agent should just be placed into the defective...

Normal Anatomy and Morphology with Anal Ultrasound

The normal rectum is 11- to 15- cm long and has a maximum diameter of 4 cm. It is generally not empty but is filled with some remainders of faecal material and or air. This makes it not always easy to obtain an optimal acoustical surrounding for anal ultrasound. On EUS, the normal rectal wall is 2- to 3-cm thick and is composed of a five-layer structure, as is the rest of the digestive tract. The anal canal is 2- to 4- cm long and is closed in the normal situation. Therefore, excellent images...

The Muscle Spindle

The driving force on lower motor neurons comes from three major sources (1) sensory pathways from the spinal cord and brain stem that trigger reflex actions, (2) inter-neurons within the spinal cord that interconnect syner-gistic and antagonistic motor neuron pools, and (3) upper motor neurons in the motor cortex and other motor areas in the brain that provide complex motor commands. One of the major sensory inputs to the lower motor neuron is derived from specialized end organs located within...

The Golgi Tendon Organ

The second type of specialized sensory receptor found in muscle tissue is the Golgi tendon organ. Its function is to signal the amount of tension generated by muscle contraction. The end organ is composed of braided collagen fibers within a capsule approximately 1 mm in length and 0.1 mm in diameter (Fig. 3). It is innervated by a free nerve ending classified as Ib, slightly smaller than Ia fibers of the muscle spindle. Golgi tendon organs are located at junctions between muscles and their...

Protein Synthesis In Nervous Tissue

Both neurons and glial cells have strikingly extended morphologies. This cytoarchitecture is ideal for a tissue whose functions depend on multiple intercellular contacts locally and at great distances. Protein and lipid components are synthesized and assembled into the membranes of these cell extensions through pathways of membrane biogenesis that have been elucidated primarily in other cell types, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, some adaptations of these general...

Nissl Substance

It is interesting that Nissl recognized the composite nature of the substance named for him, although he could not have resolved either of its components. The preceding quote and the following discussion of the Nissl substance appeared in L. Sanford, M. D. Palay, and G. E. Palade (1955). The fine structure of neurons. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 88, 69-88. As imaged in the electron microscope, the crowded cytoplasm of the neuron contrasts sharply with the relatively open cytoplasm of many other...

Functional Anatomy

It might be helpful if an overview of the anatomy of the spinal cord and associated structures that is a distillation of more detailed texts is provided first (see ref. 2). The spinal cord, which is divided into 31 segments, is ensheathed by the spinal canal that is formed by the bodies, pedicles, and spinous processes of individual vertebra. Each spinal segment (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal) gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves that are joined to their segments...

Synthesis Biological Evaluation NMR Solution Structural Models of New Oxytocin Analogues

Raptis2, G. A. Spyroulias1, V. Magafa1, J. Slaninova3 and P. Cordopatis department of Pharmacy, University ofPatras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece 2Technological Education Institute, Egaleo, GR-12210 Athens, Greece 3Department of Peptide Biochemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Flemingovo square 2, Prague 6, CZ-166-10, We report the solid-phase synthesis of four oxytocin analogues in which the residues...

Physiological Actions Of Ovarian Steroid Hormones

As described above, intraovarian actions of estradiol and progesterone are intimately connected to ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum. In general, extra-ovarian actions of these hormones ensure that the ovum reaches its potential to develop into a new individual. Ovarian steroids act on the reproductive tract to prepare it for fulfilling its role in fertilization, implantation, and development of the embryo, and they induce changes elsewhere that equip the female physically and...

Prelabour and labour hormonal and immunological mechanisms

The multitude of biological substances which interact in the control of the human birth process seem to increase almost daily. To catalogue more than 60 such factors might Table 7.1 A far from comprehensive list of substances and categories of substances which are known to participate in the birth process Table 7.1 A far from comprehensive list of substances and categories of substances which are known to participate in the birth process Those shown in italic are discussed in detail in the text...

Urodynamic stress incontinence

Urodynamic stress incontinence is defined as the involuntary leakage of urine during increased abdominal pressure Pressure catheters _ Analogue to digital converter Urine loss detector Sampling at 10Hz Solid state memory 2Mbyte Internal clock Personal computer Recording downloaded Traces analyzed on appropriate scale Pressure flow analysis Diary kept by patient _ Diary merged with traces , ., , . , Fig. 49.19 Schematic flow diagram 1 representing ambulatory urodynamics 4-h test, standardized...

Could Clarithromycin Prevent Asthma

Kundsin, and Sharon A. Poulin Brig ham and Women's Hospital, The Children's Hospital Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Asthma is the most disabling of all chronic diseases in childhood, and one of the commonest. About 30 of individuals who are subsequently diagnosed, in middle childhood or later, as having asthma began with symptoms of recurrent wheezing, cough, and bronchospasm in the first year of life, A longitudinal study of infants...

Modes of Virus Transmission

Virus transmission may be 'horizontal' or 'vertical'. The vast majority of transmission is horizontal, that is, between individuals within the population at risk. Modes of horizontal transmission of viruses can be characterized as direct contact, indirect contact, common vehicle, airborne, vector-borne, iatrogenic, and nosocomial. Vertical or transplacental transmission occurs between the mother and her fetus or newborn. Some viruses are transmitted in nature via several modes, others...

Parturition

Pregnancy in the human lasts about 40 weeks. The process of birth, or parturition, is the expulsion of a viable baby from the uterus at the end of pregnancy and is the culmination of all the processes discussed in this and the previous two chapters. Studying the phenomenon of parturition has revealed a surprising array of strategies that have been adopted by different species, regulate parturition. Humans and the great apes have evolved mechanisms that appear to be unique, and the scarcity of...

Retention with overflow

In women, chronic retention with resultant overflow incontinence is uncommon and often no cause can be found. It is one manifestation of the wide range of voiding difficulties which may occur, the major causes of which are shown in Table 49.15. Women with overflow incontinence present in a variety of ways. They may complain of dribbling urine or of voiding small amounts at frequent intervals, or of stress incontinence. Alternatively, they may notice recurrent urinary tract infections. The...

Clinical And Animal Studies Reinterpretation In Light Of Molecular Data

Studies of clinical populations and animals have indicated that iron deficiency alters folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism. Specifically, iron deficiency can influence all of the biochemical indicators listed in Fig. 2. However, marked discrepancies exist within the literature, primarily resulting from different patient populations, indicators of folate status or metabolism, experimental protocols, as well as insufficient measurements and lack of experimental controls (70). These...

Thyroid Synthesis in the Full Term Newborn

During the birth process many changes occur in the function of the thyroid gland in the full-term neonate. The most dramatic change is the abrupt increase in TSH which takes place in the first 30min after parturition which can reach levels of 60-70 mlU l. This increase causes a major stimulation of the thyroid gland with an increase in T4 in the serum by about 50 and a 3- to 4-fold increase in T3 within 24h 36, 37 . Studies in experimental animals have shown that the increase in TSH is a...

Preference And Motivation Testing

In a preference test, experimenters give animals a choice of two or more different options or environments and then monitor the animals' behavior to determine which alternative they select. Preference testing has been used in many ways in animal welfare* research. Animals' preferences have been established for air temperature, for type and level of light, and for common materials used in cage or pen design. The methods have also been used to assess how strongly animals seek to avoid aspects of...

Insectderived Tools Used For Biotechnological Research

Expression of Foreign Proteins in Insect Cells Production of large amounts of a particular protein is extremely valuable for both research and industrial purposes. Baculoviruses, which are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect mainly insects, have been developed as baculovirus expression vectors (BEVs) by genetic modification to include a gene of interest. BEVs can replicate in lepidopteran cells and larvae, thereby efficiently transferring foreign genes into eukaryotic cells. The foreign...

Virus Structure and Composition

Virions of MBV are bacilliform, 18-20 nm wide and 48-53 nm long, and lack prominent surface projec- cantly accelerate the speed that the virus kills a target insect. Such recombinants may also have an extended host range because insect mortality is not dependent on a completed viral infection cycle. Therefore, NPVs may become more extensively used in future pest control programs. For baculoviruses to efficiently occlude large numbers of virions, massive amounts of polyhedrin must be produced...

White Horehound

(Marrubium vulgare) Evelyn recommended the use of white horehound in beer instead of hops, and horehound beer was an East Anglian specialty (Clair). Randall records how his mother would always put a sprig of horehound in her brew, to improve the flavour, and to improve appetite. In Dorset, horehound and wood sage boiled and mixed with sugar made a cooling drink called woodsage beer, which was drunk at harvest time (Dacombe). Candied horehound was made, too (Grieve. 1933). But the herb is best...

Temporal Regulation of Transcription

Transfected NPV DNA is infectious indicating that no viral proteins are required to initiate or mediate early transcription from the viral genome. Baculovirus genes are expressed in a temporal cascade beginning with early gene expression and followed by late gene expression. Late gene transcription requires prior or concomitantly with the onset of DNA replication. Very late gene expression occurs at the terminal part of the replication cycle and includes hyperexpressed viral genes such as...

Baculovirus Expression Vector Systems

Since the application of baculovirus expression systems for the safe and abundant expression of foreign proteins in insect cells in the early 1980s, this expression system has become one of the most popular methods for the production of large quantities of recombinant proteins within eukaryotic cells. The majority of baculovirus expression systems exploit the polh promoter to drive high-level production of foreign proteins. The baculovirus polh gene is nonessential for virus replication in...

Excitation Of The Muscle Cell

All muscle cells have resting membrane potentials in the range of 70 to 90 mV. As in nerve, this potential is due to the presence of ionic concentration gradients with K being greater intracellularly and Na greater extracellularly and to the resting membrane being much more permeable to K than to Na . Muscle cells are excitable due to the presence of voltage-dependent ion channels in their cell membranes. However, the type of channels present, the manner in which channels are activated, and the...

Synthetic LHRH Analogue in Solution

Magafa and P. Cordopatis Department of Pharmacy, University ofPatras, 26504 Patras, Greece The pivotal role that LHRH and its analogues play in the modulation of reproductive functions have attracted considerable scientific interest because of their usefulness in the treatment of endocrine-based diseases such as prostate cancer, breast cancer, endometriosis and precocious puberty. Several LHRH agonists, represented by Leuprolide DLeu6, desGly' -LHRH-ethylamide...

Concordance across data sets hybrid zone analyses

Robust tests for the presence of ongoing genetic exchange are made possible through examinations of genetic or phenotypic variation and habitat X genotype associations within hybrid zones, especially if made across generations. In particular, such data collected from populations within and outside of putative hybrid zones allow tests for reoccurring admixtures of alleles characteristics normally found in one or other of the parental forms. The utility of such studies, for testing hypotheses...

Parasternal View Saddle Embolus Echocardiogram

A higher magnification of the parasternal short axis view at the aortic valve level of the patient with the pulmonary saddle embolus arrow described in Fig. 1. Please see companion DVD for corresponding video. and indirect evidence of the diagnosis in patients with pulmonary embolus Table 1 . Thrombi can be visualized within the venous system from the inferior vena cava, through the right atrium, the RV, the right ventricular outflow tract, and the pulmonary arteries until just distal...

Biological Implications

Papazacharias, A. Galanis and P. Cordopatis Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece Over the last decade the devolepement on technology and methodology in NMR Spectroscopy was achieved in concert with the detailed analysis and exploitation of NMR data, especially these that can provide geometrical information (NOEs - Nuclear Overhausser Enhancement, paramagnetism, relaxation times, 3- HNHa...

Risk Assessment And Management

Echocardiography is a valuable prognostic tool in patients with acute PE. Multiple studies have demonstrated that right ventricular dysfunction demonstrated by echocardiography is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. In the ICOPER study, the presence of right ventricular hypokinesis on the baseline echocar-diogram was associated with higher mortality at both 2 wk and 3 mo. In a multivariate model, the presence of right ventricular hypokinesis doubled the risk of death at 30 d. A PASP of...

Beech ferns

Depending on your age, the three Phegopteris species may be more familiar as members of the genus Thelypteris and to many of us are recognizable under both classifications . They have many common characteristics including a fuzz of clear needlelike hairs, a pair of vascular bundles looking remarkably, at their base, like peanuts in a shell , creeping rhizomes or erect rhizomes with roots that produce creeping runners, a botanical distinction , and deciduous fronds. Currently Phegopteris is...

Echocardio Graphy Simpson Methode

BSA, body suface area PLAX, parasternal long-axis LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter at end diastole LVIDs, left ventricular internal diameter at end systole PSAX, parasternal short-axis A4C, apical four chamber. M-mode or 2D, essentially subtract ventricular cavity volume from the total ventricular volume to obtain the shell or myocardial volume Fig. 15 . This value Fig. 13. Geometric models to estimate left ventricle LV volumes by two-dimensional echocardiography use short-axis area...

Assessment Of Adaptive Behavior

As noted above, assessment of adaptive behavior is commonly done as part of an evaluation for mental retardation. Nonetheless, the specific steps and methods used to conduct adaptive behavior assessments can vary. For adaptive behavior assessments to be useful, three major questions should be asked both before and during the assessment 1. What type of decision is needed 2. What adaptive behavior domains need to be evaluated 3. Can the results be used to inform program planning and monitoring...

Mass and Energy Balance for Anaerobic Glucose Degradation and Sewage Sludge Stabilization

For anaerobic wastewater or sludge treatment, oxygen must be excluded to maintain the low redox potential that is required for survival and metabolic activity of the acet-ogenic, sulfidogenic, and methanogenic populations. Hydrolysis of polymers, uptake of soluble or solubilized carbon sources, and the primary metabolic reactions of glycolysis up to pyruvate and acetate formation seem to proceed identically or at least analogously in aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Whereas aerobes oxidize...

Coniogramme

Coniogramme is a little-known genus that includes a collection of species with a nontraditional profile. Rather than feathery plumes, these have strap-shaped pinnae resembling those from the more familiar genus Pteris. The common name says it all. There are upwards of 20 species worldwide primarily in Africa, eastern Asia, and the Pacific Rim including Japan and Hawaii. The typical species has a short-creeping rhizome and linear upright fronds. Stipes are grooved and have a V-shaped vascular...

Biological Removal Biotransformation and Biosorption of Metal Ions from Contaminated Wastewater

Whereas solid organic and inorganic material in wastewater or sludge can be removed by sedimentation, soluble organic pollutants and xenobiotics should be eliminated from the aqueous environment by microbial mineralization or anaerobic degradation to gaseous products, with a varying portion (5 -50 ) being used as substrates for bacterial growth. Most of the inorganic components present in wastewater are soluble and are ionized. Trace amounts of many cations (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Ni2+,...

Anaerobic Degradation of Protein

Proteins are biological macromolecules, either soluble or solid (e.g., feathers, hair, nails). Outside the cell at an acid pH or in the presence of enzymes, soluble proteins precipitate, e.g., precipitation of casein by addition of rennet enzyme. The reaction sequences necessary for protein degradation in a methanogenic ecosystem are outlined in Figure 1.5. Hydrolysis of precipitated or soluble protein is catalyzed by sev- Fig. 1.4 Anaerobic degradation of starch under low- and high-loading...

Anaerobic Degradation of Carbohydrates in Wastewater

Carbohydrates are homo- or heteropolymers of hexoses, pentoses, or sugar derivatives, which occur in soluble form or as particles, forming grains or fibers of various sizes. In some plants, starch forms grains up to 1 mm in diameter, which is 1000 times the diameter of bacteria. Starch metabolism by bacteria requires hydrolytic cleavage by amylases to form soluble monomers or dimers, since only soluble substrates can be taken up and metabolized. The anaerobic degradation of biopolymers in...

Sample Adulteration in Urine DOA Testing

The instant DOA testing procedures are instituted, opposing forces are at work to develop methods to avoid detection of drug use. Initially, common household chemicals such as laundry bleach, table salt, toilet-bowl cleaner, hand soap, and vinegar were used. More recently, a variety of products became commercially available, which can be ordered through Internet sites and tollfree telephone numbers. Commercially available adulteration products can be classified into two broad categories. The...

Pancreatic Secretion

Pancreatic exocrine secretion consists of an aqueous or bicarbonate component and an enzymatic component. The aqueous component consists primarily of water and sodium bicarbonate and is produced by the cells lining the pancreatic ducts. The aqueous component neutralizes duodenal contents, preventing injury to the duodenal mucosa and bringing the contents within the pH range necessary for optimal enzymatic digestion of nutrients. The enzymatic or protein component is a low-volume secretion from...

Body Fluid And Sodium Homeostasis

The regulation of body fluid and sodium homeostasis requires central nervous system mechanisms to coordinate information regarding body fluid status with the appropriate physiological and behavioral responses. Mechanisms have evolved to ensure that the physiological and behavioral responses to a body deficit are appropriate. For example, during periods of water deprivation, renal mechanisms minimize loss of body water. Secretion of the pituitary hormone, arginine vasopressin AVP , is increased...

Ventilatory Acclimatization And Acidbase Homeostasis At Altitude [11

Upon exposure to high altitude, a drop in arterial P02 or 02 saturation stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors and produces an immediate increase in ventilation which raises alveolar P0z PAo2 back toward normal. The beneficial effect of hyperventilation on oxygenation is offset by the rapid development of hy-pocapnia and respiratory alkalosis which in turn blunts further ventilatory response. A biologic compromise is quickly reached where PAo2 is only partially restored and the changes in...

HyperglycemiaDRG CategoT 463

Mean LOS 4.5 days Description MEDICAL Signs and Symptoms with CC I I yperglycemia exists when the blood glucose level is greater than 110 mg dL. Normal blood glucose levels can be maintained between 70 and 110 mg dL when there is an adequate balance between insulin supply and demand. In acutely ill individuals, hyperglycemia is usually not diagnosed until a random test of serum glucose level shows an increase above the 150 to 200 mg dL range. Glucose is the most important carbohydrate in body...

Principles of toxicokinetics

The study of the kinetics of chemicals in the whole organism was originally developed for drugs, and termed pharmacokinetics, which was derived from the Greek words pharmako (medicine, drug, or poison) and kinetikos (motion or movement). Thus, by definition, pharmacokinetics (PK) can apply to any foreign compound and not just drugs. However, those concerned about the use of semantically correct terms have referred to the study as chemobiokinetics or toxicokinetics (TK). TK, like PK, can be...

Body Fluid Compartments And Their Contacts With The Outside World

The total body water (TBW) in higher animals is distributed among three major compartments the blood plasma, the interstitial fluid (ISF), and the intracellular fluid (ICF). The plasma is separated from the ISF compartment by highly permeable capillaries together, plasma and ISF constitute the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. This compartment is separated from the ICF compartment by cell membranes, which in most instances, as discussed in Chapter 3, are highly permeable to water but very...

Projective Testing

Projective techniques are tests that involve the use of open-ended stimuli such as inkblots as well as pictures, drawings, and words. In projective testing, an examinee is asked to respond to the stimulus and supply structure to the unstructured test material and this structure reflects fundamental aspects of the examinee's personality. In supplying structure to unstructured test material, the individual reveals his or her desires, conscious and unconscious needs, fears, perceptions, and inner...

Arteriovenous Hemangioma Malformation

INTRODUCTION The nomenclature of vascular lesions of the skin remains very unclear and there are no clear-cut guidelines for clinicians. Despite attempts at better classifications hemangiomas and malformations are still often confused. Most authorities classify vascular lesions as hemangiomas (hamartomas) or malformations (developmental anomalies). This is further refined based on endothelial characteristics and flow type. When arteriovenous lesions occur in the skin they are often referred to...

Principles of Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry is a powerful tool for interrogating the phenotype and characteristics of cells. It is based upon the light-scattering properties of the cells being analyzed and these include fluorescence emissions. This fluorescence may be associated with dyes or conjugated to mAbs specific for molecules either on the surface or in the intracellular components of the cell. Flow cytometry facilitates the identification of different cell types within a heterogeneous population. It was initially...

Cell Preparation

For any flow cytometry application, cells must be prepared so that they are single and suspended in an appropriate medium. There are a variety of procedures for preparing cells, and the method used will depend upon the cell type being investigated. Once prepared, the cells may then be labeled with a fluorochrome-labeled mAb or fluorescent dye. The labeling procedure may be influenced by a number of factors, including the specificity of the antibody and the density of the antigen being...

Left Ventricular Noncompaction

Relaxation abnormality diastolic Fig. 32. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy vs left ventricular LV noncompaction. The apical variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy should not be confused with LV noncompaction. The latter exhibits a spongiform appearance-reflecting deep tra-beculations within the endocardium. Fig. 32. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy vs left ventricular LV noncompaction. The apical variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy should not be confused with LV noncompaction. The...

Marion G Macey PhD

Department of Haematology The Royal London Hospital London, United Kingdom 2007 Humana Press Inc. 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey 07512 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher. All papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the...

Cliff brakes

Pellaeas, the cliff brakes, are those dusky blue charmers that enchant and taunt from cliff sides, mortared crevices, and other stressful and fern-forbidding sunny habitats with dry and lean, gritty soil. As such, those that are natives of the U.S. Southwest flourish in the challenging sites that delight passing tourists with periodic spring bursts of desert wildflowers but are not traditionally associated with our friends, the ferns. Their exquisitely adapted blue-toned fronds offer beauty to...

Pellaea glabella Smooth cliff brake

Evergreen, 4 to 14 in. (10 to 35 cm). Zones 3 to 8.Apogamous. description The rhizome is short-creeping. Plum-brown stipes are one-half of the frond length and smooth with an insignificant and fleeting dusting of hairs. Blades are lanceolate with stalked bipinnate lower pinnae and sessile, once-pinnate upper pinnae on four to nine pairs of pinnae. Sori are enclosed in the inrolled false marginal indusia. Botanists have divided this species into four subspecies. See Flora of North America (1993)...

Subcostal View

Increased echogenicity within pericardial space. Subcostal view showing mobile echodensities arrow within the pericardial effusion double arrow . The differential diagnosis includes hemopericardium, suppurative infection, and malignancy. Fig. 8. Pressure tracings in constrictive pericarditis see Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis section . a, a wave LA, left atrium LV, left ventricle RA, right atrium v, v-wave x, x descent y, y descent. Fig. 8. Pressure tracings in constrictive...

Intramural Hematoma

An aortic intramural hematoma IMH is a hemorrhage limited to the medial layer of the aortic wall without intimal disruption Figs. 3 and 15A,B please see companion DVD for corresponding video for Fig. 15 . Although the pathogenesis of IMH remains unclear, rupture of the vasa vasorum located within the medial layer of the aorta and rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque are considered to be the initiating events that lead to IMH. TEE is an important imaging modality for the diagnosis of IMH. The...

Suprasternal View Image For Subclavian Bifurcation

A4C, apical four-chamber A5C, apical five-chamber AV, atrioventricular PLAX, parasternal long-axis PSAX, parasternal short-axis RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract TEE, transesophageal echocardiography. A4C, apical four-chamber A5C, apical five-chamber AV, atrioventricular PLAX, parasternal long-axis PSAX, parasternal short-axis RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract TEE, transesophageal echocardiography. Define anatomical site type and size Figs. 11-17 please see companion DVD for...

Echocardiography Ao 31 La

Fig. 42. Transgastric long axis J . Fig. 44. Transgastric right ventricular inflow N . Fig. 44. Transgastric right ventricular inflow N . Fig. 46. Deep transgastric long axis K . Please see companion DVD for corresponding video. Fig. 46. Deep transgastric long axis K . Please see companion DVD for corresponding video. ME level multiplane from 0 to approx 120 . ME mitral commissural 60 G . ME four-chamber A Figs. 8-10 please see companion DVD for corresponding...

Pediatric Echo Training

Protocol and Nomenclature in Transthoracic Echocardiography Bernard E. Bulwer, MD, MSc and Jose Rivero, MD Transducer Scan Plane and Index Mark Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Imaging Planes Apical Four-Chamber View Apical Five-Chamber View Apical Two-Chamber View Apical Three-Chamber View Subcostal Views Suprasternal Views Examination Report Summary The transducer probe is the component that houses the piezoelectric crystals see Chapter 1 and emits and receives the sound waves Fig. 1 . The...